1957 T Bird Engine Options

1957 T Bird Engine Options

American car model

Motor vehicle

Ford Thunderbird
1957 Thunderbird
Overview
Manufacturer	Ford
Production	October 1954 – September 1997 June 2001 – July 2005
Model years	1955–1997 2002–2005
Body and chassis
Class	Personal luxury car (F)
Layout	Front-engine, rear-wheel drive

The Ford Thunderbird (colloquially called the T-Bird) is a personal luxury car produced by Ford from model years 1955 to 1997 and 2002 to 2005 throughout 11 distinct generations. Introduced as a two-seat convertible, the Thunderbird was produced in a variety of body configurations. These included a four-seat hardtop coupe, four-seat convertible, five-seat convertible and hardtop, four-door pillared hardtop sedan, six-passenger hardtop coupe, and five-passenger pillared coupe, with the final generation designed again as a two-seat convertible.

Ford targeted the two-seat Thunderbird as an upscale model, but the design introduced for 1958 featured a rear seat and arguably marked expansion of a market segment eventually known as personal luxury cars. An American interpretation of the grand tourer, personal luxury cars were built with a higher emphasis on driving comfort and convenience features over handling and high-speed performance. From 1968 to 1998, Lincoln-Mercury marketed rebadged variants of the Thunderbird as the Continental Mark III, Mark IV, Mark V, Mercury Cougar, Lincoln Mark VII, and Lincoln Mark VIII.

Overview [edit]

The Thunderbird entered production for the 1955 model year as a sporty two-seat convertible. Unlike the Chevrolet Corvette, it was not marketed as a sports car. ^[1] Ford positioned the Thunderbird as an upscale model and it is credited in developing a new market segment, the personal luxury car. For 1958, the Thunderbird was redesigned with a second row of seats. Succeeding generations became larger until the line was downsized in 1977, again in 1980, and once again in 1983. Sales were good until the 1990s when large two-door coupes became unpopular. Initial production ceased at the end of 1997. In 2002, the production of the Thunderbird started again; a revived two-seat model was launched, which was available through the end of the 2005 model year. From its introduction in 1955 to its final phaseout in 2005, Ford produced over 4.4 million Thunderbirds.^[2]

Convertible models [edit]

The second- to fourth-generation Thunderbird convertibles were similar in design to the Lincoln convertible of the time and used a design from earlier Ford Skyliner hardtop and convertible models. While these Thunderbird models had a true convertible soft top, the top was lowered to stow in the trunk. This design reduced available trunk space when the top was down.

The trunk lid was rear-hinged, raised and lowered by hydraulic cylinders during the top raising or lowering cycle. The forward end of the trunk lid contained a metal plate that extended upward to cover the area in which the top is stowed. With the top down and the trunk lid lowered, the soft top is not visible and no separate cover boot was needed.

This design could present a challenge, though, for troubleshooting a convertible top malfunction. The system consists of a spiderweb of solenoids, relays, limit switches, electric motors, and a hydraulic pump/reservoir, as well as several hydraulic directional valves and cylinders. While the hydraulics are not often a cause for trouble, the electrical relays are known to fail. Failure of any of the relays, motors, or limit switches prevents the convertible system from completing the cycle.

Unlike hardtop models that used a conventional key-secured, forward-hinged design, the convertibles combined the trunk opening and closing within the convertible top operating system.

Genesis [edit]

A smaller two-seater sports roadster was developed at the behest of Henry Ford II in 1953 called the Vega. The completed one-off generated interest at the time, but had meager power, European looks, and a correspondingly high cost, so it never proceeded to production. The Thunderbird was similar in concept, but was more American in style, more luxurious, and less sport-oriented.

Credit for the development of the original Thunderbird is given to Lewis Crusoe, a former GM executive lured out of retirement by Henry Ford II; George Walker, chief stylist and a Ford vice president; Frank Hershey, chief stylist for the Ford Division; Bill Boyer, designer for the Body Development Studio, who became the manager of the Thunderbird Studio in the spring of 1955; and Bill Burnett, chief engineer. Ford Designer William P. Boyer was lead stylist on the original 1955 two-seater Thunderbird, and also had input in the following series of Thunderbirds, including the 30th Anniversary Edition.^[3] Hershey's participation in the creation of the Thunderbird was more administrative than artistic.^{[ citation needed ]} Crusoe and Walker met in France in October 1951. Walking in the Grand Palais in Paris, Crusoe pointed at a sports car and asked Walker, "Why can't we have something like that?" Some versions of the story claim that Walker replied by telling Crusoe, "Oh, we're working on it" ... although if anything existed at the time beyond casual dream-car sketches by members of the design staff, records of it have never come to light.^{[ citation needed ]}

Walker promptly telephoned Ford's HQ in Dearborn and told designer Frank Hershey about the conversation with Crusoe. Hershey took the idea and began working on the vehicle. The concept was for a two-passenger open car, with a target weight of 2,525 lb (1,145 kg), an Interceptor V8 engine based on the forthcoming overhead-valve Ford V8 slated for 1954 model year introduction, and a top speed over 100 mph (161 km/h). Crusoe saw a painted clay model on May 18, 1953, which corresponded closely to the final car; he gave the car the go-ahead in September after comparing it with current European trends. After Henry Ford II returned from the Los Angeles Auto Show (Autorama) in 1953, he approved the final design concept to compete with the then new Corvette.

The name was not among the thousands proposed, including rejected options such as Apache (the original name of the P-51 Mustang), Falcon (owned by Chrysler at the time),^[4] Eagle, Tropicale, Hawaiian, and Thunderbolt.^[5] A Ford stylist who had lived in the southwest submitted the Thunderbird name.^[6] The word "thunderbird" is a reference to a legendary creature for North American indigenous people. It is considered a supernatural bird of power and strength.

Thunderbird Country Club in Rancho Mirage, California, also lays claim to being the inspiration for the name of the car. According to it, Ernest Breech, a Thunderbird Country Club member who was then chairman of Ford Motor Company, was supposedly deeply involved in the creation of the Thunderbird. Breech, it is claimed, asked the Club's permission to use the name, which was granted.^[7]

Generations [edit]

First generation (1955–1957) [edit]

The Ford Thunderbird was introduced in February 1953 as a response to Chevrolet's new sports car, the Corvette, which was publicly unveiled in prototype form just a month before.^[8] Under rapid development, the Thunderbird went from idea to prototype in about a year, being unveiled to the public at the Detroit Auto Show on February 20, 1954. It was a two-seat design available with a detachable glass-fiber hardtop and a folding fabric top.^[9] Production of the Thunderbird began on September 9 of that year, with the car beginning sales as a 1955 model on October 22, 1954. Though sharing some design characteristics with other Fords of the time, such as single, circular headlamps and tail lamps and modest tailfins, the Thunderbird was sleeker in shape and featured a hood scoop and a 150 mph (240 km/h) speedometer not available on other Fords. It used mechanical components from mass-market Ford models. The Thunderbird's 102.0 inches (2,591 mm) wheelbase frame was a shortened version used in other Fords and the standard 292 cu in (4.8 L) Y-block V8 came from Ford's Mercury division.^[10]

Though inspired by, and positioned directly against, the Corvette, Ford billed the Thunderbird as a "personal luxury car|personal car", putting a greater emphasis on the car's comfort and convenience features rather than its inherent sportiness.^{[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]} The Thunderbird sold exceptionally well in its first year. In fact, the Thunderbird outsold the Corvette by more than 23-to-one for 1955 with 16,155 Thunderbirds sold against 700 Corvettes, and 2,200 Studebaker Speedsters.^{[17] [14] [18] [19]} With the Thunderbird considered a success, few changes were made to the car for the 1956 model year. The most notable change was moving the spare tire to a continental-style rear bumper to make more storage room in the trunk and a new 12-volt electrical system.^{[11] [20] [21]} The addition of the weight at the rear caused steering issues. Among the few other changes were new paint colors, the addition of circular porthole windows as standard in the fiberglass roof to improve rearward visibility, and a 312 cu in (5.1 L) Y-block V8 rated at 215 hp (160 kW) when mated to a three-speed manual transmission or 225 hp (168 kW) when mated to a Ford-O-Matic three-speed automatic transmission; this transmission featured a "low gear", which was accessible manually via the gear selector. When in "Drive", it was a two-speed automatic transmission (similar to Chevrolet's Powerglide). The low gear could also be accessed with wide open throttle. In 1956, Ford also added its new lifeguard safety package.^[22]

The Thunderbird was revised for 1957 with a reshaped front bumper, a larger grille and tailfins, and larger tail lamps. The instrument panel was heavily restyled with round gauges in a single pod, and the rear of the car was lengthened, allowing the spare tire to be positioned back in the trunk. ^[14] The 312 cu in (5.1 L) V8 became the Thunderbird's standard engine, and was now rated at 245 hp (183 kW). Other, more powerful versions of this V8 were available, including one with two four-barrel Holley carburetors (VIN code "E") and another with a Paxton supercharger rated at 300 hp (224 kW) (VIN code "F"). Though Ford was pleased to see sales of the Thunderbird rise to a record-breaking 21,380 units for 1957, company executives felt the car could do even better, leading to a substantial redesign of the car for 1958.

Second generation (1958–1960) [edit]

Although the 1955–57 Thunderbird was a success, Ford executives—particularly Robert McNamara—were concerned that the car's position as a two-seater limited its sales potential. As a result, the car was redesigned as a four-seater for 1958.^[12]

The new Thunderbird began a sales momentum previously unseen with the car, selling 200,000 units in three years, four times the result of the two-seat model. This success spawned a new market segment, the personal luxury car.^[12] It was the first individual model line (as opposed to an entire company) to earn Motor Trend "Car of the Year" honors.^[23]

It was offered in both hardtop and convertible body styles, although the latter was not introduced until June 1958, five months after the release of the hardtop.^[24] The new Thunderbird was considerably larger than the previous generation, with a longer 113.0 in (2,870 mm) wheelbase to accommodate the new back seat. The increased size also increased the car's weight by 800 lb (363 kg). Along with a new, more rigid unibody construction was new styling, including quad headlights, more prominent tailfins, a bolder chrome grille, and a larger, though nonfunctional, hood scoop. Powering the Thunderbird was a new, 300 hp (224 kW) 352 cu in (5.8 L) FE V8, available with a three-speed manual or automatic transmissions.^[12]

In the 1958 model year in which the car was introduced, sales were 37,892 units, outselling the previous model year's 16,000 units.^[12]

For 1959, the car received a new grille and a newly optional, 350 hp (261 kW) 430 cu in (7.0 L) MEL V8 for 1959, and sales climbed even higher to 67,456 units.

For 1960, the Thunderbird was given another new grille and other minor styling changes along with a newly optional manually operated sunroof for hardtop models. Dual-unit round taillights from 1958 to 1959 were changed to triple-units after the fashion of the Chevrolet Impala. Sales increased again with 92,843 sold for 1960.

Third generation (1961–1963) [edit]

1963 Ford Thunderbird hardtop

The Thunderbird was redesigned for 1961 with styling that gave the car a unique bullet-like body side appearance. A new engine, the 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE V8, was the standard and only engine initially offered in the Thunderbird. It was rated at 300 hp (224 kW) and was mated to a three-speed automatic transmission. The new Thunderbird was well received, with 73,051 sold for 1961.^[25]

The car was 1961's Indianapolis 500 pace car and was featured prominently in US President John F. Kennedy's inaugural parade, who appointed Ford executive Robert McNamara as secretary of defense.^[25] It also benefitted from product placement, notably on the popular television series 77 Sunset Strip.^[25]

A vinyl-roofed Landau option with simulated S-bars was added to the Thunderbird for 1962 as was a Sports Roadster package for convertible models. The Sports Roadster included 48-spoke Kelsey-Hayes-designed wire wheels and a special fiberglass tonneau cover for the rear seats, which gave the car the appearance of a two-seat roadster like the original Thunderbird. The Sports Roadster package was slow-selling due to the high price of the package and complexity of the tonneau cover, resulting in few Thunderbirds being equipped with it.^[10] Newly optional for 1962 was an upgraded version of the 390 cu in (6.4 L) V8 called the "M-Code" (a nickname used in reference to the letter M used as the engine code in the VIN in cars so equipped). The M-Code version of the 390 cu in (6.4 L) V8 was equipped with three two-barrel Holley carburetors, and was rated at 340 hp (254 kW). M-Code V8 Thunderbirds are exceptionally rare, with only 200 being sold between 1962 and 1963.^[26] For 1963 only, Y-code cars could come equipped with the same 390-cubic-inch V8 also equipped by the factory with tri-power carburetors only if the buyer desired air conditioning.

Few other changes were made to the Thunderbird for 1963, as Ford prepared to introduce a new version for 1964. A horizontal styling line was added that ran from the point where the bumper and fender meet back through the door and angled down. Small diagonal chrome bars were added in this area on the door. Alternators rather than generators were a new feature on all 1963 Thunderbirds.

Fourth generation (1964–1966) [edit]

1966 Ford Thunderbird convertible

For 1964, the Thunderbird was restyled in favor of a more squared-off appearance, which was mostly evident when viewing the car from the side or rear. Hinting at its roots in the previous generation of Thunderbird from which it evolved, the new model retained a similar grille design with quad headlights and a 113.2 inches (2,875 mm) wheelbase. As before, the new Thunderbird continued to be offered in hardtop, convertible, and Landau versions. The 300 hp (224 kW) 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE V8 continued as the standard engine for the Thunderbird. It was paired with a three-speed automatic transmission. For 1965, sequential turn signals were added, flashing the individual segments of the broad, horizontal tail lights in sequences from inside to outside to indicate a turn. Also new for 1965 were standard front disc brakes, and doubled-sided keys.

Though it was the last year of the generation, 1966 had a stylistic revision for the Thunderbird highlighted by a new egg crate-style grille with a large Thunderbird emblem at its center and a single-blade front bumper. The rear bumper was restyled to include new full-width taillamps. Engine choices were also revised for 1966. The standard 390 cu in (6.4 L) V8 equipped with a single four-barrel carburetor was rated at 315 hp (235 kW). Newly optional and taking the top position for performance was a 345 hp (257 kW) 428 cu in (7.0 L) FE V8. The optional 428 cost only $86 over the base engine.^[10] This was the last year for the convertible until the "retro" models of 2002-05.

Fifth generation (1967–1971) [edit]

1967–1969

Ford Thunderbird sedan with the rear suicide door open

The Thunderbird's fifth generation brought the second major change in the car's design direction since its debut in 1955. From 1958 to 1966, the Thunderbird had remained fundamentally the same in concept as a sporty two-door coupe/convertible with two rows of seating. However, the introduction of the Ford Mustang in early 1964 had created a challenge to the Thunderbird's market positioning for it. Like the Thunderbird, the Mustang was also a two-door coupe/convertible with two rows of seating. The Mustang had an advantage in that it was substantially cheaper. To prevent overlap between the two cars, Ford's response was to move the Thunderbird upmarket. The result, introduced for 1967, was a larger Thunderbird with luxury appointments more in line with a Lincoln.

The new Thunderbird abandoned unibody construction in favor of body-on-frame construction with sophisticated rubber mountings between the body and frame to reduce noise and vibration. Two significant departures from the previous generation of the Thunderbird were the elimination of a convertible model and the addition of a four-door model, which used suicide doors for rear-seat access. The available four-door design remained a unique feature to this generation, as it was not carried on after 1971. One of the most noticeable design elements of the fifth-generation Thunderbird was the gaping, fighter jet-inspired grille opening that incorporated hidden headlights.

1970–1971

The 1970 Thunderbird continued with the same platform and many of the same parts and styling cues used in the 1967 to 1969 models, including the sequential turn signals incorporated into the full-width tail lamps. The most noticeable change was in the front fascia, where a large, prominent projection resembling a bird or eagle's beak was now used, in line with long, angular lines in the hood. Semon "Bunkie" Knudsen, a former GM executive now president of Ford, is said to be responsible for this dramatic change. The T-bird was offered in coupe or sports-back models for these two years, the latter being a further distinction from the '67 to '69 models.

In 1971, Neiman Marcus offered "his and hers" Thunderbirds in its 1970 catalog, with telephones, tape recorders, and other features. Sold only as a pair, they retailed for a total of US$25,000. The 1971 Thunderbird was mostly a carry-over from the 1970 model as Ford prepared to release a new, larger Thunderbird for 1972. It was also the last year to offer a four-door.^[27]

Sixth generation (1972–1976) [edit]

The sixth generation of the Thunderbird debuted in the fall of 1971 as a 1972 model. With a 120.4-inch (3,058 mm) wheelbase, an overall length of 214 inches (5,436 mm) (growing to 225 inches (5,715 mm) by 1974), and a curb weight of 4,420 pounds (2,005 kg) (over 4,800 pounds (2,177 kg) when equipped with a 460 cu in (7.5 L) V8), it was the largest Thunderbird ever produced by Ford, sharing the assembly line with the Lincoln Continental Mark IV. Matching the large size of the car were large engines, including a standard 429 cu in (7.0 L) V8 and an optional 460 cu in (7.5 L) V8 (standard after 1973). Though offering two of the largest displacement V8 engines ever installed in a production vehicle by Ford, the car's considerable weight combined with low power output caused by restrictive emissions technology resulted in modest performance. As might also be expected from installing a large-displacement V8 in a heavy car, fuel efficiency was poor. The big Thunderbirds were popular, with sales peaking at over 87,000 units in 1973 in spite of the 1973 oil crisis, but sales had slumped to less than 43,000 by 1975. Finishing off the generation, sales had an uptick to almost 53,000 units for 1976. Acknowledging increasing fuel prices and more stringent federal emissions standards, a new, downsized Thunderbird was to appear for 1977.^[10]

Seventh generation (1977–1979) [edit]

1977–1979 Ford Thunderbird

For the 1977 model year, the Thunderbird was shifted to the smaller 114 inches (2,896 mm) wheelbase chassis that underpinned the 1972–76 Ford Torino and its replacement, the LTD II which also debuted for 1977. Even being nearly 8 inches shorter than the 1975 Thunderbird (only 1.2 inches 217.7 vs 218.9 from the second model year 1973 of the sixth generation)^[28] it still looked large to the eye. It was not dramatically downsized, from 217.7 to 200.4 inches in length, until the next generation (model year 1980).^{[29] [30]} Ford's first effort at downsizing the Thunderbird, in 1977, reflected rising demand for more fuel-efficient cars. In essence, this generation was a continuation of the 1974–1976 Ford Elite, Ford's first attempt at competing in the market created by the Pontiac Grand Prix and Chevrolet Monte Carlo. Compared to the previous-generation Thunderbird, the new car lost nearly 8 inches of overall length at 217.7 and 900 lb (408 kg) of weight, although height and width were relatively unchanged.^[29] A substantial component of the weight reduction was in the drivetrain, where a small-block V8 replaced the heavier big-block V8s of previous years, and proved to be an outstanding performer. The standard engine outside California was the 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8, while the larger 351 cu in (5.8 L) 351M and 400 cu in (6.6 L) and T-tops were available as options along with the 351W. In California, the 351 was the standard engine, and the 400 was optionally available. For the first time, a wide, fixed "B" pillar was used, reflecting Detroit's abandonment of pillarless hardtops in the mid- and late 1970s. However, the door window glass remained frameless.

In 1978, Ford offered the "Diamond Jubilee Edition" Thunderbird to commemorate the company's 75th year as an auto manufacturer. This option package escalated the price of the car to almost US$12,000, virtually doubling the standard price. Naturally, it included every option available except for a moonroof and an engine block heater. A similar option package, called "Heritage", was available for 1979. Though this generation was the most successful in sales with over 955,000 examples produced in its three-year run,^[2] Ford sought to downsize the Thunderbird further, due to fuel-efficiency and emissions concerns, leading to a redesign for 1980. For the 1979 model year, the 400 cu in engine was no longer available.

Eighth generation (1980–1982) [edit]

Reflecting a further industry-wide adoption of smaller vehicle designs in the interest of improved fuel efficiency and emissions compliance, the Thunderbird was redesigned for 1980 on the compact Ford Fox platform, which first appeared only two years prior as the basis for the Ford Fairmont. Compared to the previous Torino-based Thunderbird and its large 114 inches (2,896 mm) wheelbase and 217.7 inches (5,530 mm) overall length, the new Thunderbird lost 5.6 inches (142 mm) of wheelbase and 17.3 inches (439 mm) in overall length. The squarish styling seen in the previous generation of the Thunderbird was favored for the new model, but now using a smaller car platform. Frameless door glass was no longer used; a chrome metal frame was used, instead, making the car look more like a two-door sedan. Combined with the poor-performing 4.2 L (255 cu in) Windsor V8 as a base engine, and a C5 three-speed transmission with 2.26 rear gears, this "malaise era Thunderbird generation was not well received by the public. The available 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8 with the AOD automatic overdrive transmission, coupled with a 3.45 rear end ratio, was an alternative to the 255, but with only 131 hp (98 kW), performance was moderately enhanced. Significantly, though failing to generate any new interest for the Thunderbird, a six-cylinder engine was made available for the first time in the Thunderbird's history in 1981, the 200 cu in (3.3 L) Thriftpower Six. For 1982, this was followed up with the replacement of the straight-six engine with a more modern V6, the 3.8 L Essex, which was also now the Thunderbird's standard engine. It came equipped with a Motorcraft 2150 2V carburetor. Hurting the Thunderbird's sales performance further, the 302 V8 did not return for 1982, leaving the 255 cu in V8 as the only alternative engine. At 288,638 units produced between 1980 and 1982, the eighth generation of the Thunderbird was barely more successful than the final model year of the previous Thunderbird generation.^[2]

Ninth generation (1983–1988) [edit]

In response to the lackluster reception of the eighth-generation 1980–1982 Thunderbird, Ford executed a significant redesign for 1983. Though based on the Fox body as the previous Thunderbird, the new Thunderbird featured a radically sleeker, more aerodynamic body and a slightly shorter wheelbase of 104.2 in (2,647 mm). To power the new Thunderbird, the 3.8 L Essex V6 and the 302 cu in (4.9 L) V8 were carried over from the previous generation with the V8 engine gaining CFI electronic fuel injection in 1983, and the V6 in 1984 for US models, 1985 for Canadian models (which was in turn replaced by multipoint fuel injection on the V8 in 1986 and the V6 in 1988). All-new, and a Thunderbird first, was a turbocharged 2.3 L OHC four-cylinder engine featured in the 1983 Thunderbird Turbo Coupe. The engine initially was rated at 142 hp (106 kW), but by 1985, power was increased to 155 hp (116 kW). Another first was the availability of a five-speed manual transmission with the turbocharged four. In 1983, the higher trim model was the Heritage; this was renamed the Elan in 1984. Also, a Fila-branded model was introduced. In 1985, a special 30th Anniversary edition was available, with special Medium Regatta Blue Metallic paint, special graphics, and trim.

For 1987, the Thunderbird received a significant refresh complete with new sheet metal and a revised front fascia with aerodynamic composite headlamps. Mechanically, the car was mostly unchanged. The V6 models carried over port fuel injection from 1986, while the Turbo Coupe's turbocharged four-cylinder engine gained an intercooler, increasing output to 190 hp (142 kW) and 240 lb of torque.

Tenth generation (1989–1997) [edit]

On December 26, 1988, a completely redesigned Thunderbird was introduced as a 1989 model along with the similar Mercury Cougar.^[31] The new Thunderbird was developed on Ford's MN12 (mid-sized North American Project 12) platform, which had been in development since 1984.^[32] Featuring a 9-inch (229 mm) longer wheelbase than the previous-generation Thunderbird and a four-wheel independent suspension, with short-and-long arms and a spring strut assembly in the front and multiple links in the rear, the car offered better handling and ride quality. The 1989 Thunderbird was the first in the car's history not to offer a V8 engine, instead offering two different versions of Ford's 3.8 L Essex V6. Standard versions of the Thunderbird received a naturally aspirated version of the V6 producing 140 hp (104 kW), while the "Super Coupe" model received a supercharged and intercooled version of the engine rated at 210 hp (157 kW). The naturally aspirated V6 came with an AOD four-speed automatic transmission as standard equipment. The AOD was optional on the Super Coupe and a M5R2 five-speed, Mazda-derived manual transmission was standard in the SC model.

The Super Coupe's engine had the same 3.8 L (232 cu in) displacement as the naturally aspirated V6, but most all internal components were upgraded to handle the increased torque and temperature generated due to the addition of a supercharger. Among the modifications, the engine block and heads were modified to enhance coolant flow, the crankshaft was upgraded to a fully counterweighted forged unit, the billet roller cam had a unique profile, and the pistons were made of a stronger hypereutectic alloy. The supercharger used was an Eaton M90 Roots style, designed for mounting atop the intake manifold. Boost pressure during hard acceleration under ideal conditions is approximately 12 psi (0.8 bar).^{[33] [34]}

In 1990 for the 1991 model year, a V8 was offered in the Thunderbird once again, slotting in between the standard and supercharged versions of the 3.8 L V6. The V8 5.0 L engine produced at the Cleveland Engine Plant #1, now with more power and torque relative to the last time the engine was used in the Thunderbird in 1988. For 1992, the one-year-only Thunderbird Sport model featured the 5.0 L V8 engine, the Super Coupe front fascia with fog lamps, and color-coordinated lower bodyside stripes. In 1993, the 1994 model year Thunderbird received a substantial refresh, including stylistic changes inside and out and mechanical enhancements. In particular, the Windsor 5.0 was replaced with Ford's new Modular 4.6 L OHC V8, while the Super Coupe's supercharged V6 was enhanced to produce more power and torque. The performance increase is largely attributed to the tighter gap tolerance of the supercharger rotors allowed by the use of resin coating and a new high-flow supercharger case. Simultaneously, the AOD automatic transmission was replaced by the also-new electronically controlled 4R70W four-speed automatic in all instances where the AOD was previously used in the Thunderbird.

In 1995, Ford did little to commemorate the Thunderbird's 40th anniversary. The Super Coupe model was discontinued.

Minor changes for 1996 included reducing the number of available options.

The last model of the tenth-generation Thunderbird rolled off the assembly line in Lorain, Ohio, on September 4, 1997.

Prior to the ending of the production line, Ford's Special Vehicle Engineering Division proposed a high-performance version of the tenth-generation Thunderbird. The SVE Thunderbird would have been based around a supercharged version of Ford's DOHC 4.6L modular V-8 coupled to a six-speed manual transmission.^[35] Planned to enter production in 1996, Ford declined to produce the SVE Thunderbird and proceeded with the shutdown of the entire Thunderbird production line after the 1997 model year.^[36]

Eleventh generation (2002–2005) [edit]

2002–2005 Ford Thunderbird

After a five-year hiatus, Ford introduced the 2002 Thunderbird. Returning to the original formula for the Thunderbird, the latest version had a two-passenger convertible/removable hardtop configuration like the first-generation Thunderbird and styling strongly recalling the original.

The 11th-generation Thunderbird was manufactured at Ford's Wixom Assembly Plant, sharing the Ford DEW platform with the Lincoln LS, Jaguar S-Type, and Jaguar XF. Though the Thunderbird's exterior styling was unique relative to the others, the instrument panel, steering wheel, and other trim pieces were borrowed from Lincoln LS. The sole engine of the Thunderbird was a Jaguar-designed AJ-30 3.9 L DOHC V8, a short-stroke (85 mm) variant of the Jaguar AJ-26 4.0 L V8, rated at 252 hp (188 kW) and 267 lb⋅ft (362 N⋅m) of torque — in combination with Ford's 5R55N five-speed automatic transmission. The AJ-30 V8 was replaced by the AJ-35 in 2003 and later Thunderbirds, bringing with it variable valve timing and electronic throttle control, as well as 280 hp (209 kW) and 286 lb⋅ft (388 N⋅m) of torque. Complementing the extra power and torque provided by the AJ-35 V8, a manual shift feature for the five-speed automatic called SelectShift was available as an option in 2003 and later Thunderbirds.

With sales dropping off significantly after its first model year, Ford ended Thunderbird production with the 2005 model year. The last Thunderbird was manufactured on July 1, 2005.

NASCAR [edit]

Thunderbirds first made inroads into NASCAR racing in the 1959 season. The combination of the second-generation body style and the newly available 430 CID V8 took drivers Curtis Turner, Johnny Beauchamp, "Tiger" Tom Pistone, and Cotton Owens to victory lane. In the 1960 season, most teams returned to using the conventional full-sized Ford body style, and the T-Bird made only sporadic appearances through the rest of the 1960s, with no additional wins. Beginning in 1977, Thunderbird-bodied racecars replaced the Torino as Ford's primary body style in NASCAR, starting a trend of luxury coupe type body styles (eventually the 1981 Imperial would also be seen racing) being used as a sheet-metal source on the race track. Bobby Allison won 13 races with this car driving for owner Bud Moore in the 1977 through 1980 seasons, though the cars looked boxy and unaerodynamic. During 1981–1997, the downsized and aerodynamically clean Thunderbirds were successful in NASCAR stock car racing before they were replaced by Taurus-based bodies in 1998. The 1983– to 1988-bodied cars routinely broke the 200 mph barrier, in one case during a qualifying session set the record of the fastest lap in stock car history at 44.998 seconds with an average speed of 212.809 mph (342.483 km/h) at Talladega Superspeedway, a record that still stands.^{[37] [38]} Bill Elliott and Davey Allison, in particular, were successful with the cars, with Elliott winning the 1988 championship. Alan Kulwicki also won the championship in 1992 in a car nicknamed "Underbird", due to his underdog status as a driver.

References [edit]

1. ^ Rala, James (February 24, 2011). "Ford Thunderbird (two-seater), 1955-57 car review". Weekly Driver . Retrieved May 8, 2020.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Tast, Alan H.; Newhardt, David (2015). Thunderbird Fifty Years. Motorbooks. ISBN9780785832454.
3. ^ "Obituary: William Boyer". Automotive News. February 3, 2003. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
4. ^ Witzenburg, Gary. "The Name Game", Motor Trend, 4/84, p. 82.
5. ^ Witzenburg, p.86.
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• Bonsall, Thomas E. (2000). "The Packard Operation". More Than They Promised: The Studebaker Story. Stanford, CA US: Stanford University Press. pp. 277–312. ISBN0-8047-3586-7. LCCN 00-063564. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
• Ebert, Roger R. (2013). "2. Erskines, Rocknes, Champions, Weasels and Merger". Champion of the Lark: Harold E. Churchill and the Presidency of Studebaker-Packard, 1956-1961. Jefferson, NC US: McFarland. p. 25. ISBN978-0-7864-7420-2 . Retrieved November 23, 2014.
• Koch, Jeff (March 2006). "1955 Studebaker President Speedster". Hemmings. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
• Lyons, Dan (2005). "1955 Studebaker President Speedster". Cars of the Fantastic '50s. Iola, WI US: KP Books. pp. 89–91. ISBN0873499263. LCCN 2004116450.

Further reading [edit]

• "Ford's Sportster". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 101 no. 4. April 1954. p. 97. ISSN 0032-4558.
• "1955-1979 Ford Thunderbird". Automotive Mileposts . Retrieved May 2, 2005.
• Flint, Jerry (April 22, 2003). "Ford's Thunderbird Gets Axed". Forbes.
• Gunnell, John A., ed. (1987). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975 (2nd ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN0-87341-096-3.
• "2004 Ford Thunderbird New Car Buyers Guide". Autobytel. Archived from the original on February 2, 2006.
• Wonder, William (1997). Thunderbird Restoration Guide 1958–1966 (first ed.). MBI Publishing Company. ISBN0-7603-0390-8.
• Louis, Harry; Currie, Bob (1978). The Story of Triumph Motorcycles (2nd ed.). Patrick Stephens.
• "1955 Ford Thunderbird Catalog". Collecting Paper Cars: Z. Taylor Vinson's Collection of Automobile Advertising. Hagley Museum. Archived from the original on January 15, 2012.

External links [edit]

• Media related to Ford Thunderbird at Wikimedia Commons

1957 T Bird Engine Options

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird

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